Book: Offshore Safety Management
Chapter 7 - Formal Safety Assessments

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Overview

The previous chapter to do with Safety Cases referred to the importance of Formal Safety Assessments (FSA). An FSA is a technical assessment carried out to determine the likelihood and impact of high consequence events and to help develop corrective actions. Most FSA work is done during the design of an offshore facility because that is the time when major changes to equipment design and layout can be made without having to carry out expensive retro-fit work.

This chapter provides some more information and guidance to do with a typical FSA. It must be stressed that what is provided here is only an overview of the elements of a Formal Safety Assessment. Whole books — often very large books — have been written on each of the topics that make up an FSA.

The International Maritime Organization (IMO 2002) identifies the following five stages in the development of an FSA.

1. Identification of hazards (a list of all relevant accident scenarios with potential causes and outcomes);
2. Assessment of risks;
3. Identification of control options;
4. Cost benefit assessment for each risk control option; and
5. Recommendations for decision-making.

Contents

Chapter 7 - Formal Safety Assessments
Introduction
Philosophies
Elements of an FSA
Assumptions Register
   Deck Type
   Numbers of Personnel and their Locations
   Leak Size and Frequencies
   Transportation Logistics
   Lifting Operations
   Rescue and Recovery Operations
   MetOcean Data
   Structural Failure Time
Hazards Register
Quantitative Risk Assessment (QRA)
   Importance Ranking
   Fault Tree Analysis
      Gates
      OR Gate
      AND Gate
   Event Tree Analysis
   Combining Event Trees and Fault Trees
Facility Layout and Equipment Arrangement
Flare and Radiation Analysis
Material Handling Assessment / Dropped Objects
   Subsea Dropped Objects
   Moving Objects Subsea
   Safe Zones
Transportation
Fire and Gas Detection
   Fire Detection
   Fire Eyes / Flame Detectors
   Smoke Detectors
   Heat Detectors
   Fusible Links
   Low Oxygen Detectors
   Combustible Gas Detectors
   Manual Call Points
Gas Dispersion Analysis
   Gas Release Modeling
   Effect of Toxic Gases
   Thermal Plumes
Fire and Explosion Analysis
   Fires
      Flammable Range
      Ignition Temperature / Energy
   Smoke
   Explosions
      Physical Explosions
      Vapor Cloud Explosions
      Deflagrations and Detonations
      Blast Effects
Emergency Systems Survivability Analysis
Escape, Evacuation and Rescue Analysis
   Temporary Refuge
   Command and Control
      Emergency Response Team
      Training
      Emergency Alarms
   Escape from the Incident
      Escape Routes
      T-Cards
   Evacuation
      Embarkation Area
      Lifeboats / TEMPSC
      Life Rafts
      Escape to the Sea
      Rescue
Non-Hydrocarbon Analysis
   Hydrogen Sulfide
   Carbon Dioxide
   Nitrogen
   Other Chemicals
Greenhouse Gas Emissions
Noise and Vibration
   Sources of Noise
   Allowable Noise and Vibration Levels
   Noise Control
      Engineering Controls
      Pathway Control
      Administrative Controls
      PPE
Human Factors Engineering
Reliability, Availability and Maintainability (RAM)
   Human Reliability
      Human Reliability Analysis
      THERP
      Valve Criticality Analysis
   Reliability Data