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Book: Offshore Safety Management |
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Ordering Information
OverviewThe production of offshore oil and gas creates many hazards. The danger of fires and explosions is always present, weather conditions can be very harsh, produced gas can contain the highly toxic gas hydrogen sulfide (H2S), the rigs and platforms are crowded with equipment and machinery, and - if there is an accident - there are few places to which to escape. Therefore, in order to keep these facilities safe, and to protect the environment, companies put in place comprehensive Safety Management Systems (SMS). This book describes how such systems are developed and implemented. This book helps executives, managers and technical professionals understand the principles of Offshore Safety. But the book goes beyond that - detailed guidance is provided on the development and implementation of a SEMS (Safety and Environmental Management System) program and Safety Cases. ContentsChapter 1 - Offshore Safety Managementtop of page Introduction Value of Safety Management Systems Structure of this Book Industry Trends Impact of Deepwater Horizon Safety Management Systems 1. Facility Description 2. Technical Information 3. Risk Assessment 4. Risk Acceptance 5. Report 6. Audit Historical Background Offshore Onshore Occupational, Process and Technical Safety Occupational Safety Process Safety Management OSHA's PSM Standard SEMP and SEMS The Baker Report The Incident Triangle Technical Safety Risk Management Perception of the Consequence Term Performance Based / Prescriptive Program Acceptable Risk Uncertainty Cost Benefit Analysis Risk Reduction Risk Matrices Consequence Matrix Frequency Matrix Risk Matrix As Low as Reasonably Practicable Risk - ALARP Setting ALARP Difficulties with ALARP Reverse ALARP Regulations Types of Safety Regulation Prescriptive / Goal-Based Enforcement Mechanism Reporting Requirements Examples of Types of Regulation The Regulator's Dilemma Responsible Parties Rule-Making Process (U.S.) Regulatory Agencies (U.S.) Outer Continental Shelf State Jurisdiction Minerals Management Service (MMS) BOEMRE Bureau of Safety and Environmental Enforcement 30 CFR Part 250 Subparts NTLs Inspections Coast Guard Classification Societies Environmental Protection Agency (EPA) Department of Transportation National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration (NOAA) Army Corp of Engineers The Jones Act SAMS (California) PFEER Regulation (UK) International (SOLAS) Special Safety Issues Offshore Lack of Escape Routes Persons on Board Hurricanes / Cyclones Downers and Leaners Blowouts Hydrogen Sulfide Dropped Objects Helicopters Ship Collisions Chapter 2 - Major Events top of page Introduction Santa Barbara (1969) The Event Incident Analysis Long-Term Impact Lessons for the Offshore Oil and Gas Industry Follow the Rules Public Response Economic Loss Elements of SEMS Operating Procedures Safe Work Practices Flixborough (1974) The Event Incident Analysis Long-Term Impact Elements of SEMS Hazards Analysis Mechanical Integrity Management of Change Emergency Response and Control Three Mile Island (1979) The Event Incident Analysis Follow the Rules Troubleshooting Fixation Critical Information Missing Operator-Instrumentation Interface Inherent Safety Long-Term Impact Elements of SEMS Safety and Environmental Information Safe Work Practices Emergency Response and Control Piper Alpha (1988) The Event Incident Analysis Long-Term Impact Elements of SEMS Pre-Startup Safety Review Safe Work Practices Investigation of Incidents Records and Documentation Valdez (1989) The Event Incident Analysis Long-Term Impact Elements of SEMS Pre-Startup Review Safe Work Practices Blackbeard (2006) The (Non)-Event Incident Analysis Long-Term Impact Elements of SEMS Safety and Environmental Information Safe Work Practices Montara (2009) The Event Incident Analysis Long-Term Impact Elements of SEMS Hazards Analysis Training Deepwater Horizon (2010) The Event Incident Analysis Long-Term Impact Lessons Learned Rules Should Be Followed Not "Taking a Risk for Safety" Elements of SEMS Fukushima-Daiichi (2011) The Event Incident Analysis Long-Term Impact Elements of SEMS Hazards Analysis Emergency Response and Control Report of the President's Commission Root Causes Management of Change Intervention Communication Lessons Learned Balancing Risk and Profitability Regulatory Failures Recommendations A1: Risk Management A2: "Safety Case" Approach A3: International Forum A4: Independent Agency A5: Regulatory Funding B1: Strengthen NEPA B2: Interagency Activities C1: Oil Spill Planning C2: District Plans C3: State and Local Involvement C4: Increased Research C5: Dispersants C6: Offshore Barrier Berms D1: Oversee Source-Control Efforts D2: Source Control Plans D3: Accurate Estimates D4: Proposed Well Design INPO Management and Leadership Leadership Following the Rules Taking a Risk for Safety Technical Expertise Need for New Standards Chapter 3 - SEMP top of page Introduction API Standards Center for Offshore Safety Offshore Operators Committee Fundamentals of Safety Management Systems Safe Limits Non-Prescriptive Performance-Based Holistic Involvement and Thoroughness Recommended Practice 75 Scope Management Elements of SEMP General Purpose and Objective Principles Setting Objectives and Goals Communication Appendix A - Contractor Selection Criteria Appendix B - Industry Codes, Practices, and Standards RP 14C RP 14G RP 14J Appendix C - References Appendix D - Definitions Appendix E - Performance Measures SEMP and PSM Chapter 4 - Safety and Environmental Management System (SEMS) top of page Introduction First Version of SEMS Final Rule Organization of the Rule Scope From SEMP to SEMS Compliance Contractors Types of Contractor Contract Companies Contract Workers Design Companies SEMS Requirements Bridging Documents Elements of SEMS The SEMS Standard Additional BOEMRE Requirements Special Offshore Issues 1. Safety and Environmental Information The SEMS Standard BOEMRE Requirements 2. Hazards Analysis The SEMS Standard BOEMRE Requirements Hazards Analysis Offshore Hazards Analysis Techniques Major Hazards Analysis Hazard Identification (HAZID) The Hazard and Operability Method (HAZOP) Bow-Tie Analysis Failure Modes and Effects Analysis (FMEA) Job Safety Analysis (JSA) Hazard Register 4. Management of Change The SEMS Standard BOEMRE Requirements 5. Operating Procedures SEMS Requirements BOEMRE Requirements 6. Safe Work Practices SEMS Requirements BOEMRE Requirements 7. Training SEMS Requirements BOEMRE Requirements Subpart 'O' SafeGulf 8. Mechanical Integrity SEMS Requirements BOEMRE Requirements Mechanical Integrity Offshore 9. Pre-Startup Review The SEMS Standard BOEMRE Requirements Prestartup Reviews Offshore 10. Emergency Response and Control SEMS Requirements BOEMRE Requirements Lack of Space Off-Duty Personnel 11. Investigation of Incidents The SEMS Standard BOEMRE Requirements Incident Investigation Offshore 12. Audits The SEMS Standard BOEMRE Requirements Audit Protocol Single Question Answers Frequency of Audits Audit Team 13. Records and Documentation SEMS Requirements BOEMRE Requirements Interaction between the Elements Form MMS-131 Records and Documentation Offshore SEMS II Chapter 5 - Implementing SEMS top of page Introduction Types of Operator High Activity Companies Moderate Activity Companies Low Activity Companies Contractors Timing Designing a SEMS Program Step 1 - Determine the Objectives Step 2 - Create the Organization Corporate Facility Management Steering Committee Sub-Committees SEMS Coordinator Consultants RACI Chart Signature Authority The SEMS Manual General Section Management Elements Step 3 - Develop a Plan Management Style Metrics and Baseline Program Creation On-Going Program Plan Structure Budget Schedule Step 4 - Implement the Plan Preliminary Steps Read the Rule P&IDs and Technical Documents Management of Change HAZOPs Step 5 - Audit / Improve Risk-Based Approach - Plan B High Priority Elements Economics of SEMS Revenue Costs BOEMRE Data Chapter 6 - Safety Cases top of page Introduction Safety Case Definition Different Industries Features of a Safety Case Duty-Holder Responsibility Participation and Commitment Information Availability Risk Management System Safety Management Systems Auditor / Assessor Responsibility Program Steps Timing ALARP Demonstration Length of the Safety Case Major Accidents Major Accident Event Safety Critical Elements Performance Standards IADC HSE Case Guidelines Structure of a Safety Case Section I - Executive Summary Section II - Introduction Section III - Policies, Objectives, Regulations and Standards Policies Objectives Regulations Standards Section IV - Facility Description Section V - Safety Management System Section VI - Formal Safety Assessment Section VII - Audit and Review Audits Performance Measurement Section VIII - References Maintaining the Safety Case Changes in Risk Perception Changes in Operating Conditions Bridging Documents Effectiveness of Safety Cases Chapter 7 - Formal Safety Assessments top of page Introduction Philosophies Elements of an FSA Assumptions Register Deck Type Numbers of Personnel and their Locations Leak Size and Frequencies Transportation Logistics Lifting Operations Rescue and Recovery Operations MetOcean Data Structural Failure Time Hazards Register Quantitative Risk Assessment (QRA) Importance Ranking Fault Tree Analysis Gates OR Gate AND Gate Event Tree Analysis Combining Event Trees and Fault Trees Facility Layout and Equipment Arrangement Flare and Radiation Analysis Material Handling Assessment / Dropped Objects Subsea Dropped Objects Moving Objects Subsea Safe Zones Transportation Fire and Gas Detection Fire Detection Fire Eyes / Flame Detectors Smoke Detectors Heat Detectors Fusible Links Low Oxygen Detectors Combustible Gas Detectors Manual Call Points Gas Dispersion Analysis Gas Release Modeling Effect of Toxic Gases Thermal Plumes Fire and Explosion Analysis Fires Flammable Range Ignition Temperature / Energy Smoke Explosions Physical Explosions Vapor Cloud Explosions Deflagrations and Detonations Blast Effects Emergency Systems Survivability Analysis Escape, Evacuation and Rescue Analysis Temporary Refuge Command and Control Emergency Response Team Training Emergency Alarms Escape from the Incident Escape Routes T-Cards Evacuation Embarkation Area Lifeboats / TEMPSC Life Rafts Escape to the Sea Rescue Non-Hydrocarbon Analysis Hydrogen Sulfide Carbon Dioxide Nitrogen Other Chemicals Greenhouse Gas Emissions Noise and Vibration Sources of Noise Allowable Noise and Vibration Levels Noise Control Engineering Controls Pathway Control Administrative Controls PPE Human Factors Engineering Reliability, Availability and Maintainability (RAM) Human Reliability Human Reliability Analysis THERP Valve Criticality Analysis Reliability Data Chapter 8 - Offshore Safety Developments top of page Introduction Leadership and Management Follow the Rules Lack of Technical Expertise Convergence of Standards Spill Response Helix Fast Response System Marine Well Containment System Long Tail Events Black Swans Short-Term Thinking Conclusions Citations |
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